WASHINGTON—President Biden said he would nominate Jonathan Kanter to run the Justice Department’s antitrust division on Tuesday, turning to a vocal critic of Google as his administration has taken an aggressive posture on enforcing antitrust laws across industries.

Mr. Kanter is a longtime antitrust lawyer who has represented companies that argue they have been harmed by the conduct of Alphabet Inc.’s Google, which dominates internet search and advertising.

Google currently faces an antitrust lawsuit, filed by the Justice Department last year, that alleges Google uses a web of exclusionary agreements and other tactics to preserve a monopoly for its flagship search engine and related advertising business.

Google has denied the allegations, saying it has designed its products and services to improve experiences for consumers. A trial isn’t expected to happen until 2023.

If confirmed by the Senate, Mr. Kanter would be the second critic of large technology companies to take a key antitrust enforcement post for the Biden administration, following Lina Khan, a progressive former law professor who is now chair of the Federal Trade Commission. The FTC and Justice Department jointly enforce U.S. antitrust laws.

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“We have laws. Those laws are in place. Let’s enforce them. Let’s enforce them regularly with vigor, with passion, creativity and meaning,” Mr. Kanter said at the event, hosted by the advocacy group American Economic Liberties Project, which favors a breakup of large technology companies. “That is something that could change tomorrow.”